The strength and sustenance of local institutions in India has shifted from their formative phase of 'Functions, Functionaries and Funds' to the contemporary stage of 'Functionality'. Highlight the critical challenges faced by local institutions in terms of their functionality in recent times.

Stories on this topic

• 73rd Amendment

  Funds, functions and functionaries are the three devolution gaps left by the 73rd Amendment's reliance on State laws.

• 74th Amendment

  The functionality problem applies equally to municipalities created under the 74th Amendment.

• Balwantrai Mehta Committee

  The formative phase began with the Mehta Committee's three-tier model; the 3Fs remain the test of devolution.