The North-Eastern region of India has been infested with insurgency for a very long time. Analyze the major reasons for the survival of armed insurgency in this region.

Use repeated AFSPA renewals to argue that a military-legal response alone has not ended insurgency, and that alienation and governance gaps help it survive.

• AFSPA, enacted in 1958, keeps being renewed every six months; critics say routine renewal defeats Naga People's Movement of Human Rights (1997), which required periodic review.
• The Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy Committee (2004) called the Act a symbol of oppression and recommended repeal, moving powers to the UAPA; the Second ARC agreed.
• In EEVFAM v. Union of India (2016), on alleged fake encounters, the Supreme Court held there is no absolute immunity for excessive force; such grievances feed alienation.