Explain the constitutional provisions under which Legislative Councils are established. Review the working and current status of Legislative Councils with suitable illustrations.

Structure the answer around Article 169's two-key procedure, Article 171's composition and the delaying-only powers, then review status with the six States and abolition history.

• Article 169: Assembly resolution by majority of total membership and two-thirds present and voting, then a law of Parliament not deemed an Article 368 amendment.
• Only six States have Councils: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh; Andhra Pradesh abolished its Council in 1985 and recreated it in 2007.
• Powers are limited: about four months' delay on ordinary Bills (Article 197), 14 days on Money Bills (Article 198), no joint sitting.

• Six States have Legislative Councils: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
• Under Article 169, Parliament creates or abolishes a Council by ordinary law after a special-majority resolution of the State Assembly; it is not a constitutional amendment under Article 368.
• A Council cannot exceed one-third of the Assembly's strength and cannot have fewer than 40 members (Article 171).