"Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)". Comment on the progress made in India in this regard.

Use the Green Energy Corridor phases as evidence of India's progress in building the grid needed for reliable, sustainable energy, and of the scale still required.

• GEC-I covered eight States for about 24 GW (₹10,141.68 crore); GEC-II (January 2022) seven States for about 20 GW, with 10,750 circuit km of lines and 27,500 MVA of substations.
• GEC-III (₹1,86,405 crore) jumps to 135 GW of renewable evacuation plus 50 GWh of batteries to tackle intermittency, curtailment and demand in non-solar hours.
• Delivery design: greenfield projects through Tariff Based Competitive Bidding, brownfield on cost-plus, implemented by State Transmission Utilities, completion by 2032-33.

Use the successive CAFE stages to show measurable progress on efficient, cleaner energy use in passenger transport, and the policy tools driving it.

• CAFE norms were first notified in 2017 under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001: Stage I (2017-18) targeted 130 g CO2/km and Stage II (2022-23) 113 g CO2/km.
• CAFE-III (notified 30 September 2026, for 2027-28 to 2031-32) tightens the fleet target at 1,229 kg reference weight from 3.996 to 3.3273 litres per 100 km, about 16.7%.
• Super credits count each battery electric car as three vehicles, plug-in hybrids 2.5, strong hybrids 1.6 and flex-fuel cars 1.1, pushing makers towards cleaner models.