Today's 5 stories
International relationsThe Hindu, Page 1GS2GS3Must read
A Pakistan Navy corvette, PNS Hunain, collided with an Indian Navy warship in the North Arabian Sea, The Hindu reported on 17 September 2026. India said the collision was caused by PNS Hunain's "unsafe and unprofessional" manoeuvring at high speed in international waters. The Indian ship, which was on routine surveillance, suffered minor damage and continued its mission. PNS Hunain was damaged and returned to harbour. No casualties were reported on either side. India lodged a diplomatic protest and summoned Pakistan's Chargé d'affaires. Pakistan in turn summoned India's Chargé d'affaires, called the incident "highly provocative" and said it took place inside Pakistan's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
Prelims facts
- PNS Hunain, a Pakistan Navy corvette, collided with an Indian Navy warship in the North Arabian Sea; India called the manoeuvre "unsafe and unprofessional".
- Article 10 of the India-Pakistan agreement of 6 April 1991 requires warships and submarines of both sides to stay at least three nautical miles apart in international waters.
- The 1991 Agreement on Advance Notice on Military Exercises, Manoeuvres and Troop Movements is a confidence-building measure that followed Exercise Brasstacks (1986-87).
- Pakistan claims the collision took place in its EEZ; under UNCLOS an EEZ extends up to 200 nautical miles and other states keep freedom of navigation there.
- A similar incident occurred in June 2011 between PNS Babur and INS Godavari.
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Society, justice and ethicsThe Hindu, Page 12GS1GS2Must read
The World Economic Forum (WEF) released the Global Gender Gap Report 2026 on 16 September 2026, twenty years after the index was launched in 2006. India retained the 131st position among 145 economies, with 64.5% of its overall gender gap closed and a slightly improved individual score. The global gap is 69.2% closed, up from 68.8% in 2025, and at the current pace full parity would take 120 years. Iceland leads with 93%, followed by Finland (87.2%), Norway (85.7%), Namibia (84.5%) and the United Kingdom (84.2%). Chad (57.8%) is last at 145th, with Iran 144th and Pakistan 143rd (59.5%). Bangladesh is 79th with 71.2%, after one of the largest falls in score, 6.2 percentage points.
Prelims facts
- The Global Gender Gap Index is published by the World Economic Forum; the 2026 edition covers 145 economies.
- India is 131st, the same as last year, with 64.5% of its gender gap closed; the global figure is 69.2%.
- India's subindex scores: Educational Attainment 96.6%, Health and Survival 95.6%, Economic Participation and Opportunity 41.2%, Political Empowerment 24.5% (ranked 67th).
- At the current pace, global parity will take 120 years; Southern Asia will take 149 years.
- Iceland tops the index with 93%; Chad is last at 145th.
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Society, justice and ethicsThe Hindu, Page 12GS1GS2
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) has told the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Housing and Urban Affairs that the Census definition of a 'census town' is outdated and fails to capture the real scale of India's urbanisation. The committee has been discussing a draft report titled 'Census Criteria for Defining Urban Areas'. A census town is a place that is not notified as a town but has urban features. It must meet three tests together: a population of at least 5,000, at least 75% of the main male working population engaged in non-agricultural work, and a density of at least 400 persons per sq km. The Registrar General of India (RGI) has decided to keep this definition for Census 2027, citing logistical challenges such as finalising enumeration blocks and training enumerators.
Prelims facts
- A census town must have a population of at least 5,000, at least 75% of the main male working population in non-agricultural work, and a density of at least 400 persons per sq km.
- MoHUA told the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Housing and Urban Affairs that the definition is outdated; the RGI will retain it for Census 2027.
- Census 2011 recorded 31.2% of India's population as urban; an EAC-PM estimate cited in the debate puts urbanisation at up to 63% in 2015.
- Census towns rose from 1,362 in 2001 to 3,894 in 2011.
- Article 243Q provides a Nagar Panchayat for a 'transitional area', an area in transition from rural to urban.
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Polity and governanceThe Hindu, Op-EdGS2GS3Must read
An opinion article in The Hindu argues that the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2026, passed by Parliament in August, is unfair to States. The Bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 10 August 2026 and passed by the Lok Sabha on 12 August and the Rajya Sabha on 13 August. It inserts a new Section 9D into the MMDR Act, 1957. Section 9D(1) says no tax, cess or other levy shall be imposed by a State Government on mineral rights or mineral bearing lands, whether based on mineral quantity, mineral value, royalty or otherwise, "except in accordance with such conditions or restrictions as may be prescribed by the Central Government". 'Mineral bearing land' is defined as land having mineral contents as per parameters prescribed under Section 5(2)(a).
Prelims facts
- The MMDR Amendment Bill, 2026 inserts Section 9D, barring State taxes on mineral rights and mineral bearing lands except under conditions or restrictions prescribed by the Centre.
- Section 9D(2) invalidates unpaid past State levies but bars refunds of amounts already collected.
- In Mineral Area Development Authority v. Steel Authority of India (25 July 2024), a nine-judge Bench held that royalty is not a tax and upheld States' power to tax mineral rights and mineral-bearing land.
- Entry 50 of the State List covers taxes on mineral rights subject to limits imposed by Parliament; Entry 49 covers taxes on lands and buildings.
- PRS has flagged questions of legislative competence, retrospective invalidation of a judgment, Article 14 and excessive delegation.
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Environment and geographyThe Hindu, Page 8GS3
An opinion article in The Hindu, 'What lies beyond India's E20 push', questions the costs of India's move to E20 petrol. E20 is a blend of 80% petrol and 20% anhydrous ethanol (ethanol with almost all water removed). Public sector oil marketing companies began selling it on 6 February 2023. The policy basis is the National Policy on Biofuels, 2018: on 18 May 2022 the Union Cabinet amended it to advance the target of 20% ethanol blending in petrol to the Ethanol Supply Year (ESY) 2025-26 from 2030. The same amendments allowed more feedstocks for biofuel production, encouraged production in Special Economic Zones and Export Oriented Units, and permitted exports of biofuels in specific cases.
Prelims facts
- E20 is 80% petrol and 20% anhydrous ethanol; public sector oil marketing companies began selling it on 6 February 2023.
- On 18 May 2022 the Cabinet amended the National Policy on Biofuels, 2018 to advance the 20% blending target to ESY 2025-26 from 2030.
- An op-ed citing ARAI, SIAM and IOCL testing says E20 lowers fuel economy by 2% to 6%, and estimates an extra consumer spend of ₹88,234 crore over three years.
- The op-ed argues emissions per kilometre could rise if the mileage loss is 4% to 6%, and links feedstock diversion to curbs on sugar exports and maize imports.
- It recommends a consumer choice between E10 and E20 and more investment in public transport.
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Every other article worth knowing
The Hindu
China's four-point security formula for West Asia after the Mecca Joint Defence Agreement
The Hindu, Page 6OpinionGS2Prelims
Chinese President Xi Jinping unveiled a four-point formula for West Asian security during his visit to Egypt on September 1-2, 2026: regional common security, a two-state solution for Palestine, development for stability, and action under the United Nations framework. The article says this comes as the Mecca Joint Defence Agreement, signed by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Türkiye on August 7, 2026, reshapes the region, and that Beijing sees declining U.S. credibility as an opening.
Prelims facts
- The Mecca Joint Defence Agreement was signed by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Türkiye on August 7, 2026.
- China's approach to West Asia is described as consistent with its Global Security Initiative.
- SIPRI data show Chinese drone deliveries to Saudi Arabia and Egypt.
Mains angle
Great-power competition in West Asia: China seeks influence through economic diplomacy, development cooperation and defence trade while keeping a militarily disengaged posture, as it perceives declining U.S. credibility in the region.
Source summary
India's cautious stance on BRICS local currency trade and a common BRICS currency
The Hindu, Page 6EditorialGS2GS3
The BRICS New Delhi Declaration noted incremental progress on local currency trade but offered no concrete proposals, acknowledging 'national priorities' and a 'no one-size-fits-all approach'. The editorial says India's rupee trade with BRICS partners is small and mostly with the UAE and Russia, and that India has used the UAE Dirham to pay for Russian oil. India opposes a common BRICS currency over fears of Chinese dominance and the U.S. threat of 100% tariffs.
Prelims facts
- The BRICS New Delhi Declaration acknowledged a 'no one-size-fits-all approach' to promoting local currency trade.
- India has used the UAE Dirham to pay for Russian oil.
Source summary
Pygmy hog captive breeding in Assam and the decline of alluvial floodplain grasslands
The Hindu, Page 6EditorialGS3Prelims
The pygmy hog, the world's smallest wild suid, is an indicator species for the health of India's alluvial floodplains. A captive breeding programme in Assam has raised its population 32-fold over three decades, and reintroduction has built a self-sustaining population of 200 to 250 wild-born animals in Orang National Park. The last known natural population, about 250 in early 2025, lives in the Panbari grasslands of Manas National Park; Assam aims for 300 wild pygmy hogs by 2040.
Prelims facts
- The pygmy hog (Porcula salvania) is Endangered on the IUCN Red List and listed in Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
- The species, once believed extinct, was rediscovered in 1971 near Barnadi Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam.
- The Pygmy Hog Conservation Programme began in 1995.
Mains angle
Species recovery and grassland ecology: the pygmy hog shows how saving one indicator species protects grassland habitats shared with the Bengal florican, hog deer and greater one-horned rhinoceros.
Source summary
India's 7.8% growth in April to June 2026 and the challenges behind it
The Hindu, Page 7OpinionGS3Prelims
India's real GDP grew 7.8% in April to June 2026, above the RBI's 7% forecast, after 7.2% in 2023-24, 7.1% in 2024-25 and 7.7% in 2025-26. Real GVA rose 8.2%, with services at 10% and Gross Fixed Capital Formation up 11.9%. The article argues that job quality, private investment and women's labour force participation, at 41.7% in 2023-24, remain the key challenges.
Prelims facts
- The base year for GDP calculations was updated from 2011-12 to 2022-23.
- The article puts public sector investment at 7.8% of GDP and non-public investment at 24.1% of GDP.
Mains angle
Growth versus quality of growth: strong GDP numbers sit alongside persistent challenges in quality employment, private investment and women's labour force participation, the article argues.
Source summary
India rejects the Pakistan-China Boundary Joint Commission
The Hindu, Page 10GS2GS3Prelims
India rejected the Pakistan-China Boundary Joint Commission after its first meeting in Islamabad, saying it has no legal basis and involves Indian territory under illegal occupation. New Delhi called Pakistan's 1963 cession of the Shaksgam Valley to China illegal, reiterated its opposition to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor because it passes through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, and said the Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh are integral parts of India.
Prelims facts
- The Shaksgam Valley, a trans-Karakoram tract, was ceded by Pakistan to China under the 1963 China-Pakistan Boundary Agreement, which India does not recognise.
- CPEC, a flagship project of China's Belt and Road Initiative, links China's Xinjiang with Pakistan's Gwadar Port and passes through Gilgit-Baltistan.
Source summary
Oman offers India investment in Sohar Port to bypass the Strait of Hormuz
The Hindu, Page 11GS2GS3Prelims
Oman has offered India investment opportunities in Sohar Port, on the Gulf of Oman outside the Strait of Hormuz, to secure uninterrupted access to Gulf energy as Iran-U.S. hostilities choke the strait. The port has drawn over $30 billion in investment and handles 72 million tonnes of cargo a year. India sources 55-60% of its oil and gas imports from the Gulf, and the port could also carry Indian food exports to GCC countries.
Prelims facts
- About 20-25% of the world's seaborne oil trade passes through the Strait of Hormuz, which connects the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman.
- Sohar Port lies on the Gulf of Oman, outside the Strait of Hormuz; Oman had earlier offered India Duqm Port and Salalah Port.
Source summary
The Indian Express
Jaishankar visits Bhutan, opens hospital and bridge, lays stone for Lunana hydro project
Indian Express, Page 12GS2Prelims
External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar held talks with Bhutanese counterpart D N Dhungyel in Bumthang on development partnership, energy, trade and connectivity. He inaugurated the Gyaltsuen Jetsun Pema Mother and Child Hospital in Mongar and the Jaganathan Bridge in Samdrup Jongkhar, and a foundation stone was laid for the 500 kW Lunana Hydropower Project in Gasa. India also gave 43 pureline Jersey cows to Bhutan's National Cattle Breeding Centre in Bumthang.
Prelims facts
- The Jaganathan Bridge in Samdrup Jongkhar was built under Project Dantak and improves connectivity between Trashigang and Samdrup Jongkhar.
- The 500 kW Lunana Hydropower Project is in Gasa, northern Bhutan.
Mains angle
India's neighbourhood policy: health, connectivity and hydropower projects show the development partnership at the core of India-Bhutan ties.
Source summary
Op-ed calls for curbing misuse of Section 299 of the BNS on outraging religious feelings
Indian Express, Page 14OpinionGS2Prelims
The author argues that Section 295A of the Indian Penal Code, now Section 299 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, gives intolerant groups a 'heckler's veto' and pushes creators and publishers into self-censorship through the threat of arrest and multi-city court appearances. The piece proposes requiring prior government sanction for FIRs and consolidating multiple complaints, and cites Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul's 2008 Delhi High Court judgment in the M F Husain case as a defence of artistic liberty.
Prelims facts
- Section 295A was introduced in 1927 after the 'Rangeela Rasool' controversy and criminalises deliberate and malicious acts intended to outrage religious feelings.
- Article 19(2) of the Constitution allows reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech and expression, including in the interest of public order.
Source summary
Indian Railways' multitracking plan to decongest its High-Density Networks
Indian Express, Page 4ExplainedGS3Prelims
Indian Railways is multitracking its seven High-Density Networks, which make up 16% of the network but carry over 40% of rail traffic. The Union Cabinet approved eight multitracking projects covering 1,196 km at a cost of ₹20,804 crore, and the railways aim for 3,000 million tonnes of freight loading by 2030. Freight brings in over 65% of railway earnings, but average freight speed is only 25 kmph.
Prelims facts
- Dedicated Freight Corridors are lines built only for goods trains; the Eastern DFC runs from Ludhiana to Sonnagar.
- The National Rail Plan projects over 150% line-capacity utilisation on 50% of the network by 2031 without multitracking.
Mains angle
Infrastructure and logistics costs: congestion on mixed passenger-freight routes limits rail's freight share, and multitracking plus DFCs aim to raise capacity and speed.
Source summary
UPI merchant discount rate from October 15: who pays and what is exempt
Indian Express, Page 4ExplainedGS3Prelims
A Merchant Discount Rate regime for UPI takes effect on October 15, with a uniform 0.4% charge on payments to merchants above Rs 2,000, paid by merchants, not customers. Person-to-person transfers and merchant payments up to Rs 2,000 stay free, and the Finance Ministry has advised banks to stop merchants passing the cost to consumers. NPCI says the charge will help cover the cost of UPI infrastructure; India's digital payments infrastructure costs about Rs 20,000 crore a year to maintain.
Prelims facts
- Under the new UPI regime, MDR on merchant payments above Rs 75,000 is capped at Rs 300, and essential services such as railways, telecom and utility bills attract a flat Rs 5.
- Small merchants receiving up to Rs 1 lakh a month through UPI QR codes into personal bank accounts are exempt from MDR.
Mains angle
Sustainability of digital public infrastructure: a calibrated MDR seeks to fund UPI while protecting small merchants and consumers.
Source summary
Cabinet raises EPFO wage ceiling from Rs 15,000 to Rs 25,000 a month
Indian Express, Page 5GS2GS3Prelims
The Union Cabinet approved raising the EPFO wage ceiling from Rs 15,000 to Rs 25,000 a month, the first revision in 12 years, which is expected to bring another 51 lakh employees under coverage. Monthly pension contribution under the Employees' Pension Scheme will be capped at Rs 2,080, and the government's annual budgetary support for pension contributions will rise by Rs 1,089 crore to about Rs 11,339 crore.
Prelims facts
- The EPFO wage ceiling was last raised in September 2014, from Rs 6,500 to Rs 15,000.
- Of the employer's 12% contribution, 3.67% goes to EPF and 8.33% to EPS; the government adds 1.16% to EPS for eligible employees.
Mains angle
Social security and formalisation: widening EPFO coverage extends provident fund, pension and EDLI insurance protection to more workers.
Source summary
Fisheries as a sunrise sector of India's blue economy
Indian Express, Page 15OpinionGS3Prelims
The article says India is the world's second-largest fish producer, with about 8% of global output, and that a Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying was set up in 2019. The Union Budget 2025-26 introduced a framework for sustainable fishing in the Exclusive Economic Zone and high seas, prioritising fisheries cooperatives, Fish Farmer Producer Organisations and Indian fishermen. Seafood exports crossed Rs 73,000 crore in the last financial year.
Prelims facts
- India has a coastline of over 11,000 km and an EEZ of nearly 24 lakh sq km, of which Lakshadweep makes up about one-sixth.
- The Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana promotes deep-sea fishing and sustainable practices.
Mains angle
Blue economy: the article presents fisheries as a successor to the Green and White Revolutions for food security and jobs, with emphasis on sustainable practices and curbing IUU fishing.
Source summary
Chhattisgarh tops NITI Aayog's regulatory ease ranking among large States
Indian Express, Page 16OpinionGS2GS3
Chhattisgarh topped NITI Aayog's ranking for Regulatory Ease and Institutional Environment among 17 large States in July. The article credits its Industrial Development Policy 2024-30, the decriminalisation of 279 minor business provisions, an Ease of Doing Business Act with risk-based classification and deemed approvals, and a OneClick single window covering 186 services across 10 departments. Applications from former Maoist-affected areas such as Sukma, Dantewada and Kondagaon rose 102%.
Prelims facts
- Chhattisgarh's Industrial Development Policy 2024-30 was unveiled in November 2024.
- The Udyam Aakanksha registration form was cut from 126 fields to 54.
Mains angle
Ease of doing business and investment in former Maoist-affected regions: State-level deregulation and decriminalisation are presented as drivers of investment.
Source summary
Punjab and Haryana farmers get first carbon credit payments of about Rs 2.5 crore
Indian Express, Page 22GS3Prelims
In a first for India, about 2,500 farmers in Punjab and Haryana received around Rs 2.5 crore in carbon credit payments, from Rs 3,000 to Rs 15,000 each, for practices such as stopping paddy residue burning and using Direct Seeded Rice. Over 50,000 carbon credits were generated. The initiative was launched by agro-tech firm Grow Indigo in 2019 with technical guidance from ICAR, and payments are linked to verified credits rather than acreage.
Prelims facts
- Grow Indigo has an MoU with ICAR-Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute (ATARI), Ludhiana.
- Punjab has a separate carbon credit scheme, launched in August 2024, that pays farmers for agroforestry.
Mains angle
Climate-smart agriculture: carbon finance can reward residue management, zero tillage and DSR, giving farmers an income reason to cut emissions.
Source summary
India softens opposition to WTO plurilateral agreements, seeks safeguards
Indian Express, Page 23GS2GS3Prelims
India submitted a proposal to the WTO General Council setting terms for bringing plurilateral agreements into the WTO framework, softening its earlier opposition. It said non-participation should not prejudice the rights or interests of non-participating members, stressed the centrality of Special and Differential Treatment, and warned that too many plurilateral initiatives could strain WTO resources. The shift came after the BRICS summit and a bilateral meeting with China.
Prelims facts
- Plurilateral agreements in the WTO are negotiated and implemented by a subset of members, not all members.
Source summary
Delhi tops NITI Aayog's India Electric Mobility Index 2025
Indian Express, Page 23GS3Prelims
Delhi topped NITI Aayog's India Electric Mobility Index 2025 with a score of 84, followed by Maharashtra (78) and Karnataka (73), the only two large States among the top performers. The index rates States on transport electrification progress, charging infrastructure readiness and EV research and innovation. Madhya Pradesh rose from 23rd to 7th.
Prelims facts
- The India Electric Mobility Index was developed by NITI Aayog with WRI India.
- Transport electrification progress carries 50% weightage in the index.
Mains angle
Clean mobility and competitive federalism: State rankings on EV policy and charging infrastructure push competition among States on electrification.
Source summary
Press Information Bureau
India marks 32nd World Ozone Day in Mumbai, launches Net Zero Portal and NAPCC Dashboard
PIBGovernment releaseGS3Prelims
India marked the 32nd World Ozone Day in Mumbai with the theme 'Global Action for a Cooler Planet' and launched the Net Zero Portal and the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) Dashboard. India has met all its Montreal Protocol commitments on phasing out ozone-depleting substances, including the 2015, 2020 and 2025 HCFC targets. A Memorandum of Agreement was announced for 12 refrigeration and air-conditioning manufacturers to adopt 248 Industrial Training Institutions.
Prelims facts
- World Ozone Day, September 16, commemorates the signing of the Montreal Protocol.
- India ratified the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol in September 2021; under it, India's HFC phasedown starts in 2032, with an 85% reduction by 2047.
Mains angle
Climate and ozone diplomacy: India's compliance with the Montreal Protocol and Kigali Amendment, with new climate monitoring tools, supports its case that growth and environmental protection can coexist.
Source summary
PMAY-Urban: 1.25 crore houses sanctioned under PMAY-U and PMAY-U 2.0
PIBGovernment releaseGS2Prelims
As of August 9, 2026, 1.25 crore houses have been sanctioned under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban and PMAY-U 2.0, with over 1 crore completed. PMAY-U, launched in June 2015, was extended to September 30, 2026 to complete sanctioned projects. PMAY-U 2.0, launched in September 2024, aims to assist 1 crore more urban families by 2029 with up to ₹2.50 lakh per unit, and mandates ownership or co-ownership of houses in the name of women beneficiaries.
Prelims facts
- PMAY-U 2.0 works through four verticals: Beneficiary-Led Construction, Affordable Housing in Partnership, Affordable Rental Housing and Interest Subsidy Scheme.
- The Interest Subsidy Scheme offers up to ₹1.80 lakh interest subsidy on eligible home loans for EWS, LIG and MIG beneficiaries.
Mains angle
Urban housing and women's empowerment: mandatory women's ownership and rental housing for migrants link housing policy to inclusion.
Source summary
Janaushadhi scheme expands from medicines to surgical and healthcare products
PIBGovernment releaseGS2Prelims
Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana is widening its basket beyond medicines to affordable surgical and healthcare products. Over 20,000 Janaushadhi Kendras offer 2,110 medicines and 315 surgicals and medical consumables as of August 2026. From FY 2021-22 to 2025-26, sales of ₹7,873.85 crore saved citizens about ₹37,200 crore. New ranges include Janaushadhi Bachpan for infant care and Jan Aushadhi Swabhiman adult diapers.
Prelims facts
- Janaushadhi Kendras are retail outlets under PMBJP that sell generic medicines and other healthcare products.
- Jan Aushadhi Swabhiman is the PMBJP range of adult diapers.
Mains angle
Affordable healthcare: generic medicines and low-cost surgical products and devices through Janaushadhi Kendras aim to give families financial relief across life stages.
Source summary
PM Vishwakarma scheme reaches its target of 30 lakh registered artisans
PIBGovernment releaseGS2GS3Prelims
PM Vishwakarma, launched on September 17, 2023, has met its registration target of 30 lakh beneficiaries across 18 notified trades. The Central Sector Scheme, with an outlay of ₹13,000 crore for FY2023-24 to FY2027-28, offers certificates, training with a ₹500 daily stipend, toolkits worth up to ₹15,000 and collateral-free loans up to ₹3 lakh at 5% interest. An IIM Mumbai evaluation found 93% of beneficiaries reported a moderate to significant increase in income.
Prelims facts
- PM Vishwakarma is a Central Sector Scheme for traditional artisans and craftspeople in 18 notified trades.
- Over 24.37 lakh artisans have received basic skill training and 6.19 lakh loans worth about ₹5,316 crore have been sanctioned.
Mains angle
Livelihoods in the unorganised sector: credit, skilling and market access through e-commerce, One Station One Product and TRIFED aim to bring traditional artisans into the formal MSME ecosystem.
Source summary